![]() Their results have highlighted correlations between LD and sleep paralysis episodes. For example, Denis and Poerio (2017) investigated LD in an online survey based on a large population sample (18–82 years, n = 1,928). ![]() Previous studies have obtained results concerning this relation between LD and sleep parameters. Determining the existence of a detrimental or beneficial effect of LD on sleep quality can provide information about what it is and how it should be addressed when evaluated in our research. The main question that will be addressed in this study is the existence of an influential link between the frequency of dream experiences and the overall sleep quality. In such conception, the heightened REM brain activity that is shown when one is LD presents no strong rationales to unfavorably influence typical sleep quality. The continuum perspective is another way to consider LD in which awareness or control are not specifically attributed to wake or dream-like functioning ( Stumbrys, 2011). This conception has evolved progressively in favor of other views that invite to consider more contrasts or gradations between states of consciousness (see for instance the Space of Consciousness Model from Voss et al., 2015). The hybrid theory has recently been put forward to posit that an increased frequency of LD could potentially dysregulate sleep and have an incidence on one’s sleep quality ( Vallat and Ruby, 2019). Within the context of this conception, LD is considered as an abnormality which is a consequence of a shift in brain activity that alters normal REM sleep toward waking functioning (that feature insight and ego) while the dreamer still exhibits atonia and rapid eye movement burst ( Voss et al., 2009, 2015). The extents of this theory are that insight (awareness) concerning the dream state and volitional control are features of wake functioning and therefore the sign of an atypical functioning when occurring in dreams ( Voss et al., 2009). For instance, LD can be conceived as a hybrid state of consciousness in which subjective experience is seen as similar to wake like functioning while the dreamer remains asleep. Lucid dreaming can be apprehended in different ways. Thus it is possible to wake up deliberately, or to influence the action of the dream actively, or to observe the course of the dream passively” ( Schredl and Erlacher, 2004). A definition of LD has gained popularity in the scientific literature over the last two decades that stipulates that “ In lucid dreams, one has awareness that one is dreaming during the dream. In such a dream, the dreamer has the possibility to control the dream content or to observe the dream unfold passively ( Schredl and Erlacher, 2004). Lucid dreaming (LD) is defined as a dream in which the dreamer, while dreaming, is aware that he or she is dreaming. Several methodological adjustments for future study are proposed. These results are discussed in line with previous studies on LD frequencies. However, none of these models showed that the frequency of dream experiences could actually help predict the quality of sleep as the significance of the model was carried over only by the gender variable. Predictive models of PSQI score controlling for age and gender were not significant in the student group while they were all marginally predictive for the general population. ![]() It also aims at evaluating if dream experience frequencies can predict sleep quality across these two samples. This study aims at describing and comparing dream experience frequencies (dream, lucid dreams, awareness, and control) and sleep quality assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) among students ( n = 274) and in a general population sample ( n = 681). Additionally, it is yet unresolved if LD is related to one’s overall sleep quality. As a student population usually differs on oneiric and sleep characteristics (such as sleep quality) from the general population, more investigations were needed. Frequencies of lucid dreaming (LD), dream with awareness, and dream with actual control were previously investigated in a French student population. CRP-CPO, EA 7273, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, FranceĪ lucid dream is a dream in which one is conscious of dreaming and can possibly control the dream or passively observe its unfolding.Nicolas Ribeiro, Yannick Gounden and Véronique Quaglino *
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